Obesity Medicine

Obesity significantly increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases, including coronary artery disease, heart failure, arrhythmias, and hypertension. Excess adipose tissue contributes to systemic inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia, accelerating atherosclerosis and cardiac complications. Weight management through lifestyle interventions, pharmacotherapy, and surgical approaches reduces cardiovascular risk and improves prognosis. Nutritional strategies, regular physical activity, and behavioral interventions are essential components of cardiovascular risk reduction. Early screening for obesity-related cardiovascular markers and comorbidities allows timely intervention and personalized care planning. Research continues to explore the pathophysiological links between obesity and heart disease, novel pharmacological therapies, and preventive strategies. Integrating cardiology and obesity medicine ensures comprehensive patient care, improving both weight management outcomes and cardiovascular health.

Yoga and naturopathy offer complementary approaches for obesity management by promoting physical activity, stress reduction, and holistic well-being. Yoga improves flexibility, muscle strength, and cardiovascular health while reducing stress, emotional eating, and cortisol levels. Breathing exercises, meditation, and mindfulness practices enhance mental health and support behavioral change in weight management. Naturopathy focuses on natural therapies, including dietary adjustments, detoxification, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modification, aiming to restore balance and optimize metabolic health. Integrating these approaches with conventional medical treatments can enhance weight loss outcomes and improve overall physical and mental well-being. Research supports yoga and naturopathy as effective adjuncts in obesity prevention and treatment, particularly for long-term maintenance and stress-related weight issues. Multidisciplinary collaboration ensures these therapies complement conventional medical interventions safely and effectively.

Obesity is a significant risk factor for numerous chronic diseases, including cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, liver disease, kidney disorders, respiratory complications, and osteoarthritis. Excess adipose tissue drives systemic inflammation, hormonal dysregulation, and metabolic disturbances that exacerbate chronic disease progression. Early identification and management of obesity can prevent or delay the onset of chronic conditions and improve overall health outcomes. Comprehensive care involves lifestyle interventions, pharmacotherapy, surgical options, and continuous monitoring. Multidisciplinary approaches address both weight reduction and disease management, including cardiovascular risk reduction, glycemic control, and musculoskeletal health. Research emphasizes the role of personalized strategies, integration of technology, and community-based interventions in reducing the burden of chronic diseases associated with obesity. Patient education, adherence, and support are essential for successful long-term outcomes.

Advanced obesity treatments combine medical, surgical, and innovative approaches to achieve sustainable weight loss and metabolic improvement. Bariatric surgery, including sleeve gastrectomy, gastric bypass, and adjustable gastric banding, offers long-term solutions for severe obesity. Pharmacotherapy, utilizing appetite suppressants and metabolic enhancers, complements lifestyle interventions. Emerging therapies, such as endoscopic procedures, metabolic devices, and gut microbiota modulation, expand treatment options. Personalized treatment planning based on genetics, metabolism, comorbidities, and behavioral assessment enhances outcomes. Preoperative evaluation, perioperative care, and postoperative monitoring are critical for safety and efficacy. Multidisciplinary care teams involving surgeons, dietitians, psychologists, and exercise specialists ensure comprehensive management. Research explores minimally invasive techniques, combination therapies, and long-term strategies to prevent weight regain. Advanced treatments aim not only to reduce weight but also to improve metabolic health, quality of life, and obesity-related disease outcomes, representing the forefront of obesity medicine innovation.

Physical activity and structured exercise are cornerstone interventions in obesity management, promoting energy expenditure, muscle mass preservation, and metabolic health. Aerobic exercise improves cardiovascular fitness, enhances glucose metabolism, and reduces visceral fat, while resistance training builds lean muscle and supports long-term weight maintenance. Kinesiology studies body movement to optimize exercise protocols, prevent injury, and improve functional capacity. Exercise programs should be tailored to individual capabilities, comorbidities, and personal goals, integrating both structured workouts and lifestyle activity. Behavioral strategies, such as goal setting, self-monitoring, and motivational support, enhance adherence. Physical activity also positively affects mental health by reducing stress, anxiety, and depression, which are often associated with obesity. Research highlights the benefits of high-intensity interval training, circuit training, and multimodal exercise approaches in obesity management. Incorporating technology, including wearable devices and fitness applications, enables personalized monitoring and progress tracking. Comprehensive exercise programs form an integral component of multidisciplinary obesity treatment plans.

Obesity and eating disorders often coexist, presenting complex clinical challenges. Conditions such as binge eating disorder, night eating syndrome, and emotional eating contribute to excessive caloric intake and weight gain. Psychological factors, including stress, depression, anxiety, and body image dissatisfaction, influence eating behaviors and complicate obesity management. Early recognition and comprehensive assessment are essential to provide effective interventions. Treatment involves a multidisciplinary approach combining nutritional counseling, behavioral therapy, psychotherapy, and pharmacological support when necessary. Cognitive behavioral therapy, mindfulness-based interventions, and motivational interviewing are effective in addressing maladaptive eating patterns. Understanding the underlying psychological and biological mechanisms helps clinicians develop personalized treatment plans. Public health initiatives focusing on awareness, stigma reduction, and early intervention can prevent progression of eating disorders and associated obesity. Research continues to explore neurobiological pathways, genetic predisposition, and innovative therapies to manage this complex interplay effectively.

Obesity is recognized as a major risk factor for several types of cancer, including breast, colorectal, pancreatic, endometrial, and liver cancers. Excess adipose tissue creates a pro-inflammatory environment, increases insulin and insulin-like growth factor levels, and alters hormone metabolism, promoting tumor growth and progression. Obesity also influences cancer prognosis, treatment efficacy, and survival rates. Preventive strategies, including weight management, healthy nutrition, and physical activity, are critical in reducing cancer risk. Understanding molecular mechanisms, such as chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, and adipokine signaling, is essential for developing targeted therapies. Clinical management of obese cancer patients requires multidisciplinary care to address treatment challenges, including dosing considerations, surgical risks, and comorbidity management. Research continues to explore the relationship between obesity and tumor biology, the impact of weight loss interventions on cancer outcomes, and potential therapeutic targets. Raising awareness about the link between obesity and cancer is vital for public health education and prevention strategies.

Obesity is strongly influenced by genetic and epigenetic factors that affect metabolism, appetite regulation, fat storage, and energy expenditure. Genetic variations, including single nucleotide polymorphisms and gene mutations, can predispose individuals to increased fat accumulation and metabolic disorders. Key genes involved include those regulating leptin, melanocortin, and insulin signaling pathways. Epigenetic modifications, such as DNA methylation, histone modification, and non-coding RNA regulation, can influence gene expression in response to environmental factors, diet, and lifestyle. These changes may occur during critical developmental periods, including prenatal and early childhood stages, affecting long-term obesity risk. Research in this field focuses on identifying genetic markers, understanding gene-environment interactions, and developing personalized treatment strategies. Knowledge of genetic and epigenetic contributions enables targeted interventions, including tailored nutritional plans, lifestyle modifications, and pharmacotherapy, improving weight management outcomes. Integration of genomics into clinical practice holds promise for precision medicine approaches to obesity prevention and treatment.

Obesity is a major risk factor for metabolic diseases, including type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and metabolic syndrome. Excess adipose tissue promotes insulin resistance, systemic inflammation, and hormonal imbalance, disrupting normal metabolic homeostasis. The interplay between obesity and metabolic diseases increases the risk of cardiovascular complications, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and renal disorders. Effective management requires a comprehensive approach combining lifestyle modifications, pharmacotherapy, and close monitoring of metabolic parameters. Nutritional interventions focusing on low-glycemic diets, calorie control, and balanced macronutrient intake improve metabolic outcomes. Regular physical activity enhances glucose metabolism, lipid profiles, and cardiovascular health. Early detection and intervention are critical to prevent progression and complications. Research in this field investigates novel therapies, biomarkers for metabolic risk assessment, and personalized treatment approaches. Multidisciplinary care, involving endocrinologists, dietitians, and behavioral specialists, ensures optimal management of obesity-related metabolic diseases. Understanding the relationship between obesity and metabolic disorders is essential for reducing morbidity and improving long-term patient outcomes.

Diet and nutrition are fundamental components of obesity prevention and treatment. A balanced, nutrient-dense diet supports weight loss, improves metabolic health, and reduces the risk of obesity-related comorbidities. Dietary strategies include caloric restriction, macronutrient optimization, portion control, and meal planning tailored to individual needs. Plant-based diets, Mediterranean diets, and low-carbohydrate approaches have demonstrated effectiveness in weight management. Nutritional counseling focuses on promoting healthy eating behaviors, reducing consumption of processed foods, and encouraging mindful eating practices. Integration of physical activity, behavioral strategies, and lifestyle modification enhances dietary adherence and long-term success. Emerging research examines nutrigenomics, personalized nutrition, and microbiome-based dietary interventions to optimize metabolic outcomes. Education on sustainable dietary habits, food labeling, and awareness of hidden sugars and fats empowers individuals to make informed choices. Collaboration with dietitians, healthcare professionals, and community programs ensures that dietary interventions are practical, evidence-based, and tailored to individual patient goals.

Clinical obesity refers to obesity diagnosed and managed within a medical framework, considering comorbidities, severity, and individual patient needs. Assessment involves evaluating body mass index, waist circumference, metabolic parameters, and associated health risks. Clinical management emphasizes evidence-based interventions, including dietary modifications, physical activity, behavioral therapy, pharmacotherapy, and surgical options. Risk stratification and individualized treatment planning are essential to address specific metabolic, cardiovascular, and psychological concerns. Obesity clinics often employ multidisciplinary teams of physicians, dietitians, psychologists, and exercise specialists to provide comprehensive care. Ongoing monitoring and follow-up are crucial for preventing weight regain and managing chronic health complications. Clinical research continues to investigate new diagnostic tools, biomarkers, and treatment modalities to improve patient outcomes. Early intervention, personalized care, and integration of lifestyle, medical, and surgical therapies enhance the efficacy of clinical obesity management. Emphasizing patient education, motivation, and adherence ensures sustainable results and improved quality of life.

Weight management is central to addressing obesity and improving overall health outcomes. Effective strategies combine lifestyle modification, behavioral interventions, pharmacotherapy, and, when appropriate, surgical procedures. Lifestyle interventions include balanced nutrition, regular physical activity, and sustainable dietary changes. Behavioral strategies such as self-monitoring, goal setting, motivational counseling, and stress management support adherence to weight management programs. Pharmacological options assist patients struggling with significant weight loss challenges, while bariatric surgery provides long-term solutions for severe obesity. Personalized approaches that consider genetics, metabolic status, and comorbid conditions enhance the success of weight management interventions. Regular monitoring, follow-up, and multidisciplinary care involving dietitians, psychologists, and medical specialists ensure sustained weight reduction and prevention of relapse. Emerging tools, including digital health applications, telemedicine, and wearable devices, provide real-time feedback and individualized guidance. Research in weight management focuses on optimizing intervention strategies, understanding mechanisms of weight regain, and developing evidence-based, patient-centered programs. Successful weight management improves metabolic health, reduces comorbidities, and enhances overall well-being.

Obesity is closely linked to endocrine and metabolic disorders, most notably type 2 diabetes. Excess body fat contributes to insulin resistance, impaired glucose metabolism, and chronic inflammation, leading to metabolic dysfunction. Adipose tissue acts as an endocrine organ, releasing hormones and cytokines that influence appetite, energy balance, and insulin sensitivity. Obesity also affects thyroid function, sex hormones, and cortisol regulation, further complicating metabolic health. Effective management of obesity in patients with diabetes or endocrine disorders requires an integrated approach that combines lifestyle interventions, pharmacotherapy, and close medical monitoring. Nutritional strategies focusing on low-glycemic diets, caloric restriction, and balanced macronutrients support glucose control and weight reduction. Physical activity enhances insulin sensitivity, cardiovascular health, and energy expenditure. Emerging therapies targeting specific hormonal pathways and metabolic regulators are under investigation to optimize outcomes. Collaboration between endocrinologists, diabetologists, dietitians, and behavioral specialists is essential to provide individualized care. Understanding the bidirectional relationship between obesity and endocrine disorders helps clinicians prevent complications, improve patient quality of life, and achieve sustainable weight management.

Obesity is a complex, multifactorial disease that significantly contributes to a wide range of health disorders. The excessive accumulation of body fat disrupts normal metabolic processes, causing systemic inflammation, insulin resistance, and hormonal imbalances. These disruptions are strongly associated with type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and certain types of cancer. Obesity also exacerbates musculoskeletal problems, including osteoarthritis, spinal disorders, and chronic pain syndromes, which affect quality of life and mobility. Furthermore, obesity is linked to psychological disorders such as depression, anxiety, and low self-esteem, creating a bidirectional relationship that complicates treatment strategies. Early diagnosis and intervention are critical to managing obesity and preventing the onset of associated comorbidities. Comprehensive management strategies involve a combination of lifestyle modifications, pharmacotherapy, surgical interventions, and behavioral therapy. In addition, public health policies focusing on obesity prevention and education play a significant role in mitigating these health risks. Research continues to explore the molecular mechanisms behind obesity-related disorders, aiming to develop targeted therapies that improve patient outcomes. Understanding the link between obesity and health disorders is vital for healthcare providers to design personalized, multidisciplinary approaches for treatment and prevention.

Non-surgical treatment options for obesity focus on achieving sustainable weight loss through lifestyle modification, pharmacotherapy, and behavioral interventions. Lifestyle approaches involve dietary changes, increased physical activity, and behavioral strategies to modify eating habits and energy expenditure. Personalized nutrition plans, portion control, and meal timing are combined with regular aerobic and resistance exercises to improve body composition and metabolic health. Pharmacotherapy may be recommended for patients with severe obesity or comorbidities, including medications that suppress appetite, enhance metabolism, or reduce fat absorption. Behavioral therapy, including cognitive behavioral therapy and motivational interviewing, addresses emotional eating, stress management, and adherence to treatment plans. Non-surgical approaches require continuous support, monitoring, and follow-up to prevent weight regain. Research into new pharmacological agents, combination therapies, and innovative digital tools is expanding the scope of effective non-surgical interventions. Multidisciplinary care, involving dietitians, psychologists, endocrinologists, and exercise specialists, ensures comprehensive management tailored to each patient’s unique needs, emphasizing long-term health outcomes rather than rapid weight loss.

Dietary and lifestyle changes are foundational to obesity management, focusing on sustainable behavior modification rather than short-term dieting. A balanced, nutrient-rich diet that emphasizes whole grains, fruits, vegetables, lean proteins, and healthy fats supports weight reduction while improving metabolic health. Reducing the intake of added sugars, refined carbohydrates, and processed foods is essential to prevent further weight gain. Portion control, meal timing, and mindful eating strategies enhance adherence to dietary plans. Regular physical activity, including aerobic exercise, strength training, and flexibility exercises, promotes energy expenditure, preserves lean muscle mass, and improves cardiovascular and metabolic health. Behavioral interventions, such as goal setting, self-monitoring, stress management, and motivational counseling, support long-term lifestyle changes. Emerging approaches, including plant-based diets, intermittent fasting, and Mediterranean dietary patterns, have shown benefits in weight management and metabolic outcomes. Integration of technology, such as wearable fitness trackers, mobile health applications, and telemedicine, provides personalized guidance and continuous monitoring. Effective dietary and lifestyle interventions require individualized plans, continuous support, and ongoing evaluation to ensure sustainable results and prevent weight regain.

Childhood obesity is a growing public health concern with long-term health implications. Excess body weight during childhood increases the risk of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, metabolic syndrome, and psychosocial problems in adulthood. Poor dietary habits, including high consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages, fast food, and processed snacks, combined with sedentary behavior, are major contributors. Genetic predisposition, parental obesity, and early-life nutrition, including breastfeeding and complementary feeding practices, play a significant role in shaping a child’s metabolic profile. Effective management involves a combination of nutritional education, healthy meal planning, increased physical activity, and behavioral modification. Schools and community programs can provide structured interventions to promote healthy eating and active lifestyles. Family involvement is crucial, as parents influence food choices, activity levels, and attitudes toward health. Public health policies supporting healthy school meals, food labeling, and awareness campaigns contribute to prevention efforts. Research continues to explore the role of gut microbiota, nutrient composition, and early metabolic programming in childhood obesity. A multidisciplinary approach involving pediatricians, dietitians, psychologists, and educators is essential to achieve sustainable outcomes and prevent obesity-related complications in later life.

Obesity research focuses on understanding the complex mechanisms underlying excessive fat accumulation and associated health risks. Current studies investigate genetic and epigenetic factors, hormonal regulation, gut microbiota influence, and neuroendocrine pathways involved in appetite and energy balance. Clinical trials explore novel pharmacological treatments, including appetite suppressants, metabolic enhancers, and combination therapies targeting multiple pathways. Lifestyle interventions, dietary strategies, and exercise programs are continuously evaluated to optimize efficacy and adherence. Research also emphasizes the prevention of obesity in children and adolescents, as early intervention can reduce lifelong health complications. Advanced technologies, such as metabolomics, proteomics, and imaging techniques, are being used to identify biomarkers for obesity risk, progression, and response to therapy. Public health research examines the impact of social, economic, and environmental factors on obesity prevalence and evaluates community-based prevention programs. Collaborative global research initiatives aim to develop evidence-based strategies to reduce obesity-related morbidity and mortality worldwide.

Obesity is a multifactorial condition resulting from the interplay of genetic, environmental, behavioral, and hormonal factors. Excessive caloric intake, sedentary lifestyles, and poor dietary habits are primary contributors. Genetic predisposition can influence appetite regulation, energy expenditure, and fat distribution, making some individuals more susceptible to weight gain. Hormonal imbalances, including insulin resistance, leptin resistance, and thyroid dysfunction, further complicate weight regulation. Environmental factors such as urbanization, high-calorie food availability, and socioeconomic status play a significant role. Psychological factors, including stress, emotional eating, and sleep deprivation, also contribute to obesity. Chronic use of certain medications, such as steroids, antipsychotics, and some antihypertensives, can lead to weight gain. Understanding the underlying causes is essential for developing effective prevention and treatment strategies. Comprehensive interventions must address lifestyle, behavioral, hormonal, and environmental factors to achieve sustainable weight management. Research continues to identify new genetic markers, metabolic pathways, and environmental influences to better predict and prevent obesity.

Weight loss is a primary goal in the management of obesity, aiming to reduce body fat, improve metabolic health, and prevent associated diseases. Effective weight loss strategies combine lifestyle modification, dietary interventions, physical activity, behavioral therapy, pharmacotherapy, and, in selected cases, surgical interventions. Caloric restriction, macronutrient balance, and portion control are fundamental nutritional approaches. Regular physical activity enhances energy expenditure, supports lean muscle mass, and improves cardiovascular health. Behavioral strategies, such as goal setting, self-monitoring, and motivational counseling, help individuals adopt and maintain healthy habits. Pharmacological options, including appetite suppressants and metabolic modulators, are used for patients who struggle to achieve weight loss through lifestyle changes alone. Bariatric surgery is reserved for patients with severe obesity or those with obesity-related comorbidities. Successful weight loss requires personalized, sustainable approaches rather than short-term diets. Research emphasizes the importance of addressing underlying metabolic, hormonal, and psychological factors to prevent weight regain and improve long-term health outcomes.

Liposuction is a cosmetic surgical procedure aimed at removing localized fat deposits to improve body contour, rather than treating systemic obesity. It is often used in combination with lifestyle interventions for patients seeking aesthetic improvement. Techniques such as tumescent liposuction, ultrasound-assisted liposuction, and laser-assisted liposuction allow for precise fat removal with minimal invasiveness. While liposuction can enhance body image and self-esteem, it does not directly address the metabolic complications of obesity, emphasizing the importance of combining it with diet, exercise, and behavioral modification. Emerging non-surgical treatments, including cryolipolysis, radiofrequency therapy, and injection lipolysis, offer less invasive options for localized fat reduction. These approaches are increasingly popular due to shorter recovery times and minimal complications. Patient selection and realistic expectations are essential to achieve optimal outcomes. Research is ongoing to evaluate long-term results, the metabolic impact of fat removal, and integration with other obesity management strategies. A comprehensive approach ensures that cosmetic procedures complement broader weight management goals.

Hormones and steroids play a pivotal role in regulating body weight, appetite, energy expenditure, and fat distribution. Dysregulation of hormonal pathways is a major contributor to obesity and metabolic disorders. Key hormones involved include insulin, leptin, ghrelin, cortisol, thyroid hormones, and sex steroids such as estrogen and testosterone. Leptin resistance can impair appetite control, while excess cortisol due to chronic stress promotes visceral fat accumulation. Thyroid dysfunction can slow metabolism, contributing to weight gain, and imbalances in sex steroids influence fat distribution, particularly in women. Exogenous steroid use, such as corticosteroids, can also induce weight gain and metabolic complications. Understanding these hormonal influences is crucial for designing effective obesity interventions, including pharmacotherapy targeting hormonal pathways, lifestyle modifications, and personalized nutritional strategies. Clinical evaluation often includes hormonal profiling to identify endocrine disorders contributing to obesity. Research in this area continues to uncover novel mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets, enabling more precise and effective management of obesity and its associated metabolic complications.

Obesity prevention is a cornerstone of public health, aiming to reduce the incidence of obesity before it occurs. Preventive strategies target dietary habits, physical activity, behavioral patterns, and socio-environmental factors that influence weight gain. Early-life interventions, including maternal nutrition, breastfeeding promotion, and healthy complementary feeding, play a crucial role in shaping lifelong metabolic health. School-based programs, community initiatives, and workplace wellness campaigns are effective in promoting healthy eating and active lifestyles. Policy measures, such as taxation on sugar-sweetened beverages, food labeling regulations, and urban planning that encourages physical activity, further support population-level prevention. Education and awareness campaigns are critical to empower individuals to make informed choices about nutrition and exercise. Prevention strategies must also address social determinants of health, including income, cultural practices, and access to healthcare, as these factors strongly influence obesity risk. By focusing on prevention, healthcare systems can reduce the burden of obesity-related diseases, lower healthcare costs, and improve population health outcomes. Research in obesity prevention explores behavioral interventions, community engagement, and the role of digital health tools in promoting sustainable lifestyle changes.

Bariatric surgery is a highly effective treatment for severe obesity, especially for individuals who have not achieved sustainable weight loss through lifestyle interventions or pharmacotherapy. This surgical approach encompasses procedures such as gastric bypass, sleeve gastrectomy, adjustable gastric banding, and biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch. These interventions alter the digestive system to reduce caloric intake, nutrient absorption, or both, promoting significant and sustained weight loss. Beyond weight reduction, bariatric surgery has been shown to improve or resolve obesity-related comorbidities, including type 2 diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, obstructive sleep apnea, and cardiovascular diseases. Patient selection is critical and involves a multidisciplinary team, including surgeons, endocrinologists, dietitians, and psychologists, to ensure optimal outcomes. Preoperative assessment focuses on identifying potential surgical risks, nutritional deficiencies, and psychological readiness. Postoperative care is equally important, with long-term follow-up for nutritional monitoring, physical activity guidance, behavioral therapy, and management of potential complications. Recent research explores minimally invasive techniques, enhanced recovery protocols, and personalized surgical approaches based on metabolic and genetic profiling. Bariatric surgery represents a transformative option in obesity medicine, providing not only weight reduction but also a significant improvement in quality of life and long-term health outcomes.

Obesity in women presents unique challenges due to biological, hormonal, and societal factors. Women are more prone to certain fat distribution patterns, such as central and visceral obesity, which increases the risk of metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, and cardiovascular diseases. Hormonal changes related to menstruation, pregnancy, and menopause significantly influence body weight and fat distribution. Women with obesity are at increased risk for infertility, polycystic ovary syndrome, and complications during pregnancy and childbirth. Psychosocial factors, including societal pressure, stigma, and body image issues, further complicate weight management. Effective treatment strategies require a gender-sensitive approach that incorporates nutritional guidance, behavioral counseling, exercise, pharmacotherapy, and surgical options when appropriate. Public health programs targeting women’s health should focus on education, early intervention, and empowerment to promote sustainable weight management. Research into female-specific pathways of obesity and metabolic dysfunction continues to provide insights into personalized therapies that address the physiological and psychological aspects of obesity in women. Understanding these nuances is essential for healthcare providers to offer effective, individualized care for women living with obesity.

Obesity significantly impacts gynecological and obstetric health, affecting fertility, pregnancy outcomes, and long-term maternal well-being. Excess body weight disrupts hormonal balance, leading to irregular menstrual cycles, polycystic ovary syndrome, and impaired ovulation, which can reduce fertility in women of reproductive age. During pregnancy, obesity increases the risk of gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, hypertension, and complications during labor and delivery. Additionally, obese mothers are more likely to require cesarean sections, and their infants have a higher risk of macrosomia, congenital abnormalities, and neonatal intensive care admissions. Postpartum, obesity can affect lactation, wound healing, and the risk of developing long-term metabolic conditions. Managing obesity before, during, and after pregnancy is crucial to minimizing maternal and fetal complications. Interventions include dietary guidance, physical activity programs, behavioral therapy, and careful medical monitoring. Healthcare professionals must adopt a multidisciplinary approach involving obstetricians, endocrinologists, dietitians, and mental health specialists to optimize outcomes for both mother and child. Research in this field focuses on understanding how maternal obesity impacts fetal development and identifying strategies to reduce adverse outcomes while promoting healthy maternal weight management.