Obesity Medicine

Obesity Causes

• Lipid and Glucose Metabolism
• Anabolic Steroids
• Exogeneous Obesity
• Genetic Susceptibility
• Dietary Effects
• Risks of Chronic Diseases Development
• Hypertension and Hypothyroidism
• Size Acceptance and Patient Stories

The utmost common causes of obesity are overeating and lack of physical activity. Obesity is also associated with the foremost causes of death in the United States and around globe, including heart disease, stroke, diabetes and cancers of different types.

Some of the health consequences with obesity are:

• All-causes of death
• Anxiety
• Coronary heart disease
• Difficulty with Physical Functioning
• Dyslipidemia
• Gallbladder disease
• Hypertension and Hypothyroidism
• Low quality of life
• Many types of cancers
• Mental illness
• Osteoarthritis
• Sleep apnea and breathing problems
• Stroke
• Type 2 diabetes

Obesity Prevention

• Behavioral Therapy
• Fitness and Eating Plan
• Avoiding Junk Foods
• Monitoring weight in Regular Intervals

Obesity is a public health concern that has developed as epidemic worldwide. Extensive literature has arisen to show that overweight and obesity are major causes of co-morbidities, including cardiovascular diseases, type II diabetes, different types of cancers and many other health problems, which can lead to additional morbidity and mortality. The interrelated health care costs are also significant. Therefore, a public health tactic to progress population-based approaches for the prevention of excess weight gain is of great importance. However, public health intervention programs have had limited success in undertaking the increasing occurrence of obesity.

Public health strategies for hazard factor reduction and obesity prevention:

• Diet: Healthy eating, avoid processed foods, reduce sugar consumption and skip saturated fats
• Exercise: keeping active throughout the day
• Relax: Chronic stress increase levels of the stress hormone cortisol and leads to weight gain

Obesity in Women

• Obesity and Infertility
• Gestational Diabetes
• Overdue Pregnancy
• Premature Birth
• Neonatal Death

Adiposity has precise consequences for women and for reproductive health. Obesity in women is linked with variations in the reproductive cycle with a drop in fertility, as well as an bigger risk of polycystic ovarian syndrome and sporadic or no ovulation. Overweight women with PCOS have a inclination towards insulin resistance and are susceptible to develop diabetes, mainly in future. All these concerns make the treatment of infertility more complex and less fruitful. Additionally, the inclination toward menstrual and ovarian disorders related with obesity may predispose to an bigger risk of ovarian, endometrial and breast cancer. In fact, it is now clear prevalence of all gynecological cancer rises with rise in BMI.

Obesity and Weight Loss

Effective weight loss behaviors comprise setting goals and making lifestyle variations, such as eating less calories and being physically energetic.

Eat Healthy: Weight loss supplements give your body the nutrients it needs on daily basis. It has sufficient calories for good health, but not several that you gain weight. A healthy eating plan is low in trans-fat, saturated fat, sodium, cholesterol and additional sugar. Following a healthy eating plan will lesser your risk for heart disease and other circumstances. Healthy foods include:

• Adequate amount of fruit and vegetables.
• Sufficient whole grains and starchy foods.
• Milk, Fat-free and low-fat dairy products
• Eggs, beans, meat, fish, and other non-dairy sources of protein.
• Small amounts of food and drinks that are high in fat and sugar

Obesity & Associated Health Disorders

Overweight and obesity may increase the risk of many health problems, including diabetes, heart disease, and certain cancers. If you are pregnant, excess weight may lead to short- and long-term health problems for you and your child. Excess weight may increase the risk for many health problems, including

• Heart disease and stroke
• High blood pressure
• Diabetes
• Oncological Disorders
• Gallbladder disease and gallstones
• Osteoarthritis
• Gout
• Kidney Disease
• Breathing problems, such as sleep apnea and asthma
• Pregnancy problems such as high blood sugar throughout pregnancy, high blood pressure, and bigger risk for cesarean delivery

Obesity and Weight Management

• Natural Weight Loss
• Therapies for Weight Loss
• Medications for Weight Loss
• Prevention of Obesity
• Herbal Weight Loss Medication
• Weight Management of Prediabetes
• Weight Management for Youth
• Dietary Supplements
• Role of Exercises in the Weight Management

Obesity is a complex disease concerning an extreme quantity of body fat. Obesity is a medical problem that surges your risk of additional diseases and health glitches, such as high blood pressure, heart disease, diabetes, and certain cancers. Typically, obesity outcomes from a blend of inherited factors, collective with the environment, individual diet and exercise choices. Dietetic changes, increased physical movement and behavior changes can help you drop weight. Prescription medications and weight-loss procedures are additional possibilities for treating obesity.

Due to the growing obesity rates in several parts of the globe, ideal weight management methods most frequently specialize in attaining healthy weights through slow procedure however steady weight loss, followed by maintenance of a flawless weight over time.

Key components of weight management

1. Diet
2. Physical Activity
3. Energy Balance
4. Basal Metabolic Rate
5. Thermogenic Effect of Food
6. Genetics
7. Medications
8. Diseases

Current Research on Obesity

• Probiotics for Human Health
• Transplantation for Diabetic Patients
• Drug Treatments and Devices
• Early Diagnosis
• Use of Nanotechnology

Obesity amongst adults has increased in the United States. The newest data from the National Centre for Health Statistics states that 33% of population of 20 years age and more stable, more than 100 million people are strong. This development is not limited to adults but instead, has in like manner exaggerated adolescents. Amongst youth, 18% of children developed 6-11 years and 21% of adolescents developed 12– 19 years are seen as obese. These rates of obesity have dangerous consequences for Americans' wealth. But one of the national prosperities aims for the year 2021 is to reduce the consistency of obesity among adults by 10%, contemporary data displays that the condition isn't progressing. Hopkins GIM workers are beholding at overweight the full extent of its trademark history and challenges, and likewise endeavoring to combat the torment by inspecting different techniques and interventions

Obesity & Cancer

• Esophageal Adenocarcinoma
• Liver and Kidney Cancer
• Multiple Myeloma
• Meningioma
• Pancreatic and Colorectal Cancer
• Gallbladder Cancer
• Breast, Endometrial and Ovarian Cancer
• Thyroid Cancer

The connection between obesity and cancer risk is clear. An Investigation confirms that excess body fat rises your risk for several cancers, including pancreatic, esophageal, kidney, colorectal, uterine, post-menopausal and breast cancers. What’s less clear is precisely how being obese rises that risk. Experts believe it’s mostly due to the inflammation caused by visceral fat – the fat that surrounds your vital organs. The problem with disproportionate visceral fat is that it disturbs certain processes in your body. This comprises how your body manages hormones, like insulin and estrogen.

Advanced Treatment for Obesity

• Bariatric Surgery
• Liposuction
• Gastric Bypass Surgery
• Morbid Obesity Treatment
• Islet Cell Transplantation
• Weight Loss Using Kinesiology

Obesity is a key health problem around the globe and has reached an epidemic percentage in the Western world. Evidence remains to accumulate that obesity is a major hazard factor for many diseases and is connected with substantial morbidity and mortality. Surgery on the stomach and intestines to aid a person with extreme weight loss. Bariatric surgery is an opportunity for people who have a Body Mass Index above 40. Surgery is also a choice for people with a body mass index between 35 and 40 who have health glitches like heart diseases and type 2 diabetes.

1. Adjustable Gastric Banding

The basic principle of this kind of surgery is to reduce food intake with the usage of a small bracelet-like band positioned around the top of the stomach. The band limits the size of the opening from the throat to the stomach, restraining the amount of food a patient can consume. The size of the opening can be altered using a balloon inside the band that can be inflated or deflated with saline solution according to the requirements of the patient.

2. Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass Surgery

This technique is also used to reduce the food intake and involves forming a small pouch that is comparable in size to the pouch created with AGB. The food bypasses the rest of the stomach and reaches the small intestine, where it is absorbed to a much slighter degree than if it had passed through the stomach, duodenum and upper intestine.

3. Vertical Sleeve Gastrostomy

This process comprises the removal of most of the stomach, which not only limits food intake and absorption, but drops levels of the hormone ghrelin that is accountable for appetite.

Obesity and Chronic Diseases

Obesity is a chronic disease with a multifactorial etiology including genetics, environment, lifestyle, metabolism and behavioral components. A chronic disease treatment model involving both lifestyle interventions and, when appropriate, extra medicinal therapies carried by an interdisciplinary crew including exercise specialists, dietitians, physicians and behavior counsellors proposals the best chance for effective obesity treatment. Lifestyle aspects such as regular physical activity, proper nutrition and changes in eating behaviors should be synchronized.

Below are few diseases where obesity is showing to play a role.

• Various Cancers
• Type 2 Diabetes
• Cardiovascular Diseases
• Neurological Degeneration
• Stroke
• Hypertension
• Chronic Kidney Disease
• Anemia

Obesity and Cardiovascular Diseases

Obesity upsurges the risk of developing cardiovascular disease, predominantly heart failure and coronary heart disease. The mechanisms through which obesity upsurges cardiovascular diseases hazard comprise deviations in body composition that may distress hemodynamics and varies heart structure. Pro-inflammatory cytokines formed by the adipose tissue can persuade cardiac dysfunction and can endorse the formation of atherosclerotic plaques.

Anti-Obesity Drugs

• Weight loss medication
• Antidepressant
• Anti-inflammatory
• Sympathomimetic drugs

Anti-obesity drugs/medication are used as pharmacological mediators which lessen or control weight. These drugs alter one of the essential processes of the human body or weight regulation by changing either appetite or absorption of calories. The treatment for obese individuals and overweight is controlling diet and more physical activity. The idyllic anti-obesity drug would produce continued weight loss with negligible side effects. The mechanisms that control energy balance have substantial built-in is sacking, overlap significantly with other physiological functions, and are prejudiced by social and psychological factors that bound the efficiency of pharmacological happening.

Dietary and Lifestyle Changes

• Losing Weight: Lifestyle Changes
• Heart Disease and Diet and Lifestyle Changes
• Prevention of Chronic Disease
• Lifestyle Intervention
• Intensive Lifestyle Change
• Interventions to Promote Physical Activity and Dietary Lifestyle
• Meal Replacement Programs
• Physical Activity for Weight Loss
• Behavioural Therapy for Weight Loss
• Overall Balanced and Healthy Lifestyle

Lifestyle changes persist the backbone of treatment and are significant for the long period maintenance of weight loss. Regrettably, obesity is a chronic disorder and there is no ‘quick fix’ result or treatment that is effective for all obese individuals. Additionally, after subsequent weight loss programs, setbacks of weight gain are tremendously common. This highlights the importance of a lifetime vow to healthy eating and exercise practices. A variety of different treatment choices are accessible for obesity. Lifestyle alteration is vital in all treatment strategies. There are presently no long-term treatment programs that do not necessitate at least some lifestyle changes. Positive changes in your eating and exercise behaviour are vital for continued drop in weight. However, if extremely overweight it may be recommended to also take weight loss medications or undergo bariatric surgery

Obesity and Metabolic Diseases

• Abdominal Obesity
• High Triglyceride Levels
• High Blood Pressure
• Cholesterol Levels
• Insulin Resistance
• Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
• Diabetes Mellitus
• Impaired Glucose Tolerance
• Impaired Fasting Glucose

A diet high in unhealthy fats, calories and sugars along with an absence of systematic physical activity can definitely contribute to the risk factors for metabolic syndrome. Overweight people have a tendency to develop a resistance to insulin - a hormone that controls blood sugar levels, pushing sugar into the body's cells, where it is used for energy. When you're impervious to insulin, blood sugar isn't efficiently transported into the cells. That leads to high blood-sugar levels in the bloodstream, which is one of the symptoms of type 2 diabetes.

Bariatric Surgery

• Weight Loss Surgery
• Types of Bariatric Surgery
• Bariatric Surgery Benefits and Side Effects
• Post Bariatric Surgery Diet
• Clinical Trials on Bariatric Surgery

Bariatric surgical procedure causes weight loss by limiting the quantity of food the stomach can hold, causing malabsorption of nutrients, or by a blend of both gastric restraint and malabsorption. Bariatric procedures also habitually cause hormonal changes. Most weight loss surgeries now-a-days are performed using negligibly invasive techniques like laparoscopic surgery.

The most common bariatric surgery procedures are sleeve gastrectomy, gastric bypass, biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch and adjustable gastric band. Each surgery has its own benefits and side effects.

Gynecology & Obstetrics

• Ovarian Cysts and Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome
• Gynoid Obesity
• Premature Birth
• Overdue pregnancy
• Macrosomia
• Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics

Obesity during pregnancy is linked with increased maternal and fetal risks, which is inversely interrelated with the severity level of obesity. Other comorbidities are mutual (diabetes mellitus, hypertensive disorders, etc.) and subsidize to an even amplified risk. Maternal obesity during pregnancy subsidizes also to offspring obesity and noncommunicable diseases later in life in a vicious cycle. Managing these problems, and potentially reducing their risk, can pose a challenge in obstetric care. It is important to provide preconception nutritional and exercise care, and guidance during pregnancy and post pregnancy for appropriate weight loss.

Non-Surgical Treatment for Obesity

• Dietary Changes
• Therapy to Eating Disorders
• Behavior Modification
• Exercise/ Physical Activity

Non-surgical treatment mainly comprises nutritional counseling with or without practice of supplements to improve the weight loss program. Management by supplements and nutrition being the pillars of weight loss and is extremely individualistic. A sensible goal for weight-loss in the setting of a nutrition-based treatment program is almost 1.0 -1.5 kg/wk. The concept that the weight-loss goal for each subject must be personalized and cannot be unilaterally based on usual weight-for-height diet norms is fetching progressively deceptive. One must reflect the family's weight, as well as the patient's weight and cultural, ethnical and racial context in setting personalized nutritional goals of weight loss. Lifestyle changes and regular exercise makes successful and lasting weight loss.

Diabetes, Endocrinology and Obesity

• Genomics, Type 2 Diabetes and Obesity
• Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders
• Diabetic Nephropathy and Urine
• Diabetic Retinopathy
• Clinical Researches in Diabetes
• Neuro Endocrinology
• Endocrine Diseases and Regulation
• Obesity & Leptin
• Obesity on Growth Hormone
• Adrenal and Pituitary Tumors
• Paediatric Endocrinology
• Current Advances in Endocrinology Metabolism

Obesity is vastly linked with several Endocrine System Diseases that are categorized by hormonal imbalance and/or resistance. Weight loss usually regularizes these endocrine alterations, associating obesity as a direct cause. Endocrinology and Metabolic Syndrome  are the leading causes of mortality and morbidity all around the globe. In specific, the current epidemic of obesity is leading to early death through diabetes, cardiovascular disease and an increased prevalence of cancer. And also being overweight upsurges the chances of emerging the common type of Diabetes, Type 2 Diabetes. In this disease, the body makes sufficient insulin but the cells in the body have developed resistant to the salutary action of insulin. Almost 90% of people living with type 2 Diabetes are Overweight and Obesity. Individuals who are overweight or have obesity have extra pressure on their body's capability to use insulin to appropriately control blood sugar levels, and are therefore more likely to develop Diabetes.

Childhood Obesity and Nutrition

Childhood obesity is a complex disorder. Its occurrence has raised so significantly in recent centuries that many ponder it a key health concern of the developed world. The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey specify that the occurrence of obesity is growing in all pediatric age groups, in both genders, and in various ethnic and racial groups. Many aspects, including Metabolism Disorders, lifestyle, genetics, eating habits and environment are alleged to play a role in the progress of obesity. However, more than 90% of cases are idiopathic; fewer than 10% are linked with hormonal or genetic causes. Childhood obesity prejudices to liver and renal disease, hyperlipidemia hypertension, insulin resistance and Type 2 Diabetes and reproductive dysfunction. This complaint also increases the risk of adult-onset obesity and cardiovascular disease.

Dietary practice in these perilous periods affects cognitive and physical development and has significances in future. Therefore, attaining healthy eating manners that will tolerate is important for children and adolescents. Nutrition management has been pragmatic to several childhood obesity intervention studies. Varied forms of nutrition education and counseling, a Mediterranean-style hypocaloric diet, key messages and nutritional food choice have been executed as dietary interventions. The alteration of dietary risk in terms of nutrients, dietary patterns, foods and dietary behaviors has been functional to altering problematic dietary factors.

Obesity and Eating Disorder

Obesity and eating disorders are each allied with severe physical and mental health consequences, and entities with obesity as well as comorbid eating disorders are at greater risk of these than individuals with whichever condition unaccompanied. Furthermore, obesity can contribute to eating disorder behaviors and vice-versa. Here, we aside on the health hitches and treatment choices for individuals with obesity and comorbid eating disorder behaviors. It looks that in order to progress the healthcare provided to these entities, there is a necessity for superior exchange of experiences and expertise knowledge between healthcare professionals employed in the obesity field with those employed in the field of eating disorders, and vice-versa. Moreover, nutritional or behavioral interventions instantaneously addressing weight management and reduction of eating disorder behaviors in individuals with obesity and comorbid eating disorders may be required. Future research investigating the effects of cohesive medical, psychological and nutritional treatment programs addressing weight management and eating disorder psychopathology in entities with obesity and comorbid eating disorder behaviors such as binge eating is obligatory. Here are some of the eating disorders:

• Anorexia nervosa
• Bulimia nervosa
• Binge eating disorder
• Pica
• Rumination disorder
• Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder

Diet & Nutrition

• Low Density Lipoproteins
• Fat Burning Foods
• Atkins Diet for Obese People
• Consuming Fresh Fruits & Vegetables
• Dietary Approaches for Weight Loss
• Diet & Weight Management
• Vitamins for Weight Loss
• Calorie counting
• Macronutrients and Micronutrients

A controlled eating routine gives the body essential nutrition. The necessities for a controlled eating routine can be met from an arrangement of plant and animal-based nutrition. A smart diet routine gives the essential vitality and nourishment without triggering any hazardous effects and additional weight gain from consuming more food stuff than required by the body. Accustomed eating routine and wholesome nourishment help in weakening the dangers of different endless issue like obesity, heart disease, stroke, malignancy, hypertension, diabetes and cancers of different types.

Physical activity; Exercise & Kinesiology

Exercise physiology is a sub-teach of kinesiology that inclines to the momentary natural reactions to the stress of physical activity and how the body adjusts to repeated episodes of physical movement after some time. In that capacity, practice physiology experts often have the compulsion of beading a man to a larger amount of wellness or potentially well-being while, in the meantime, monitoring safety issues related to a solitary session of activity. The kind of client that can turnover by concocting under an activity physiology skillful differs extremely, spreading from world class competitors wishing to improve their execution to patients with ceaseless ailments wishing to increment or keep up their capacity to fulfil exercises of daily living.

Yoga and Naturopathy

Unmanaged chronic disease or stress can have detrimental effects on the physical and psychological health of people like obesity, endocrine diseases, hormonal disorders and diabetes. Many of us start yoga due to depression, hypertension, a heart condition, drug abuse, obesity, and gastrointestinal disorders. Through yoga, people are drastically varying within the health system. Fitness program and diet should be strategic for regulating overweight, which is science-based and correlated to yoga-specific asana, breathing exercise, cardio exercise and prescribed meditation.

Ayurvedic medications are harmless and holistic methods for the administration of overweight with no side effects. Naturopathic medicine is well-defined as a drugless, rational and evidence-based system of drugs reporting treatments with natural elements buoyed by the concepts of toxemia vivacity and remedial capacity of the body.

Liposuction and Weight Loss Treatments

Liposuction is a cosmetic process that eradicates fat that you can’t seem to get rid of through diet and exercise. A plastic or dermatologic surgeon typically does the technique on your hips, thighs, buttocks, belly, arms, back and underneath the face or chin to progress their shape. But liposuction can also be done with other plastic surgeries together with breast reductions, facelifts and tummy tucks.

Common treatments for overweight and obesity embrace losing weight over healthy eating, being more physically dynamic, and making other variations to your typical habits. Weight-management programs may assist few people lose weight or keep from regaining lost weight. Some people who have obesity are incapable to lose sufficient weight to progress their health or are impotent to keep from regaining weight. In that cases, a specialist may contemplate accumulating other treatments, together with weight-loss medicines, weight-loss devices or bariatric surgery

Role of Steroids and Hormones in Obesity

Sex steroid hormones are concerned with the metabolism, accretion as well as the circulation of adipose tissues. Current studies expose that progesterone, estrogen and androgen receptor exist in adipose tissues consequently, their activities could be direct. Sex steroid hormones transfer out their function in adipose tissues by both nongenomic and genomic mechanisms.

Genetics and Epigenetics of Obesity

• Genetic Syndromes
• Epigenetics
• Hereditary Factors
• Genetic Mutations
• Global Methylation and Obesity
• Monogenic Obesity
• Syndromic Obesity

Obesity is a complex, inherited attribute influenced by the interchange of genetics, metagenomics, epigenetics and the environment. With the growing access to high precision analytical tools for genetic researches, numerous genes manipulating the phenotype have been recognized, particularly in initial onset severe obesity. The role and potential mechanism of epigenetic fluctuations that may be involved as mediators of the environmental impacts and that may provide future opportunities for intervention.