Obesity Medicine

Genetics and Epigenetics of Obesity

Obesity is strongly influenced by genetic and epigenetic factors that affect metabolism, appetite regulation, fat storage, and energy expenditure. Genetic variations, including single nucleotide polymorphisms and gene mutations, can predispose individuals to increased fat accumulation and metabolic disorders. Key genes involved include those regulating leptin, melanocortin, and insulin signaling pathways. Epigenetic modifications, such as DNA methylation, histone modification, and non-coding RNA regulation, can influence gene expression in response to environmental factors, diet, and lifestyle. These changes may occur during critical developmental periods, including prenatal and early childhood stages, affecting long-term obesity risk. Research in this field focuses on identifying genetic markers, understanding gene-environment interactions, and developing personalized treatment strategies. Knowledge of genetic and epigenetic contributions enables targeted interventions, including tailored nutritional plans, lifestyle modifications, and pharmacotherapy, improving weight management outcomes. Integration of genomics into clinical practice holds promise for precision medicine approaches to obesity prevention and treatment.